Lebanon

Table of Contents

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
People
- Ethnic and linguistic composition
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
- Demographic trends
Economy
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labor and taxation
- Transportation
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
- Local government
- Justice
- Political process
- Security
- Health and welfare
- Housing
- Education
- Social and economic division
Cultural life
- Cultural milieu
- Daily life and social customs
- The arts
- Cultural institutions
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
History
- Phoenicia
  - Origins and relations with Egypt
  - Phoenicia as a colonial and commercial power
    - Colonies
    - Commerce
    - Navigation and seafaring
  - Assyrian and Babylonian domination of Phoenicia
  - Persian period
  - Greek and Roman periods
- Lebanon in the Middle Ages
- Ottoman period
- French mandate
- Lebanon after independence
  - Khuri regime, 1943–52
  - Chamoun regime and the 1958 crisis
  - Chehabism: from Chehab to Hélou, 1958–76
  - Civil war
  - Lebanon’s Second Republic (1990– )
    - Politics and reconstruction in post-civil war Lebanon
      Rebuilding the political and economic infrastructure
      Resistance to the ongoing Israeli and Syrian presence in Lebanon
    - Factional wrangling over Hezbollah’s role in Lebanon
    - Regional impacts on Lebanon during and after the Arab Spring
    - Debt crisis
      2018 election and the formation of a national unity government
      Government mismanagement, anti-corruption protests, and the 2020 Beirut explosions
      Conflict with Israel beginning in 2023

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Lebanon

Q: How did Lebanon achieve independence?

Lebanon became a republic in 1926 and proclaimed its independence in 1943. After a crisis in 1945, an agreement was reached for the withdrawal of British and French troops, completed by the end of 1946, making Lebanon wholly independent.

Q: What is the religious composition of Lebanon?

Lebanon has a varied religious composition , with the two largest groups being Shiʿi Muslims and Sunni Muslims. Maronite Christians make up more than one-fifth of the population. Other Christian communities, Druze , and a small Jewish minority are also present.

Q: What challenges did Lebanon face after the civil war?

After the civil war ended in 1990, Lebanon faced challenges like external intervention, troubled confessional relations, political instability, and reconstruction of its socioeconomic infrastructure. Many challenges persisted into the early 21st century.

Q: What is the reason behind the rise in tensions between Lebanon and Israel in 2023 and 2024?

Cross-border attacks between Hezbollah and Israel intensified after the October 7, 2023, attacks in southern Israel by Hamas and Hezbollah indicated that it would continue to attack Israel until the Israel-Hamas War came to an end in the Gaza Strip. In September 2024 Israeli forces significantly expanded its air strikes and in October Israeli ground forces entered Lebanon.

Also known as: Al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah, Lubnān, Republic of Lebanon

Written by Samir G. Khalaf, Richard David Barnett•All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2025 • Article History

How did Lebanon achieve independence?

What is the religious composition of Lebanon?

What challenges did Lebanon face after the civil war?

What is the reason behind the rise in tensions between Lebanon and Israel in 2023 and 2024?

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Lebanon, country consisting of a narrow strip of territory on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world’s smaller sovereign states. The capital is Beirut. Though Lebanon, particularly its coastal region, was the site of some of the oldest human settlements in the world—the Phoenician ports of Tyre (modern Ṣūr), Sidon (Ṣaydā), and Byblos (Jubayl) were dominant centers of trade and culture in the 3rd millennium bce—it was not until 1920 that the contemporary state came into being. In that year France, which was administering Lebanon as a League of Nations mandate, established the state ...(100 of 18765 words)

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