Immigration

Table of Contents

Introduction
Pros
- Pro 1: Undocumented immigrants have lived in the U.S. for years, paying taxes and contributing to the country, thereby deserving a path to citizenship.
- Pro 2: Many undocumented immigrants arrived as children, had no choice in breaking immigration laws, and know no other country.
- Pro 3 The U.S. is both a nation of laws and a nation of immigrants, and its policies should reflect this reality.
Cons
- Con 1: Undocumented immigrants have broken the law that legal immigrants have followed and should not be rewarded for their crimes with citizenship.
- Con 2: The U.S. is obligated to enforce the immigration laws already in place.
- Con 3: A path that stops short of citizenship would be a more appropriate and humane for undocumented immigrants.
U.S. Undocumented Immigrant Population Estimates
Demographics of Undocumented Immigrants in the United States, 2019
States (and D.C.) that Allow Undocumented Immigrants to Obtain Driver’s Licenses
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- D.C.
- Hawaii
- Illinois
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Nevada
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- Oregon
- Rhode Island
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
Historical Timeline
- 1607-1799
  - 1607 - Beginning of Colonial Immigration; English Settlers Arrive in America
  - 1619 - Importation of African Slaves Begins
  - 1637 - Massachusetts Requires Permission to Host Aliens
  - 1656 - Anti-Quaker Immigration Sentiments Popular but Quakers Still Immigrate
  - 1670 - 10,000 Indentured Servants Kidnapped from England and Sent to the Colonies
  - 1700 - 222,500 White and 27,500 Black Inhabitants Live in the Colonies
  - Mar. 12, 1700 - Massachusetts Prohibits "Lame, Impotent, or Infirm Persons" from Entering
  - 1717-1769 - 36,000 British Convicts Transported to America after Passage of Transportation Act of 1717
  - Sept. 17, 1717 - Pennsylvania Enacts Oath of Allegiance for German Immigrants
  - Sept. 21, 1727-1729 - Pennsylvania’s Immigration Law Ignored by Ship Masters; New Tax and Health Inspections Imposed on Immigrants
  - 1740 - British Parliament Enacts the Plantation Act, Which Serves as Model for Future US Naturalization Acts
  - 1773 - England Stops Emigration to the Colonies; Fines Imposed upon Emigrants and Ship Masters Violating the Law
  - 1781-1788 - Articles of Confederation Kept Citizenship and Naturalization of Immigrants under Individual States’ Control
  - Mar. 26, 1790 - First Alien Naturalization Act Enacted by the Newly Created US Government
  - Jan. 24, 1795 - Naturalization Act of 1795 Adds Rules to the Citizenship Process
  - June-July 1798 - Alien and Sedition Acts Enacted; US President Given Power to Punish and Deport Immigrants; Residency Requirement for Naturalization Increases to 14 Years
- 1800-1849
  - 1800 - Congress Reduces Naturalization Residency Requirements to Five Years
  - 1808 - Foreign Slave Trade Becomes Illegal; 50,000 Slaves Become First "Illegal Aliens" in the US
  - 1814-1850 - Native Americans Exempted from Naturalization and Forced from Tribal Land; Slave Populations in Ceded Land Increase Dramatically
  - 1816 - Irish Immigration to US Begins along with Anti-Irish Sentiments in US
  - 1830 - 1847 - American "Nativists" Gain Political Power and Advocate 21-Year Residence Requirement for Naturalization
  - 1837 - Supreme Court Rules in New York v. Miln That States May Take Precautionary Measures Against the Importation of "Paupers, Vagabonds, Convicts, and Infectious Articles"
  - 1840s - Naturalizations of Germans and Irish Are Expedited and Offered Free of Charge During Election Time
  - Feb. 2, 1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Results in United States Acquiring Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, California, and Parts of Utah and Nevada
  - Feb. 7, 1849 - Supreme Court Rules That Congress Alone Can Regulate Immigration
  - 1849 - Know-Nothing Party Forms and Pushes for Major Restrictions on Immigrants
- 1850-1899
  - 1862 - Homestead Act of 1862 Passed to Encourage Westward Migration
  - Feb. 1862 - President Lincoln Acts to Prohibit the "Coolie Trade"
  - 1863-1869 - Central Pacific Railroad Hires Chinese Laborers and the Union Pacific Hires Irish Laborers to Construct the First Transcontinental Railroad
  - July 4, 1864 - First Congressional Attempt to Centralize Immigration Control; A Commissioner of Immigration Is Appointed by the US President
  - 1868 - 20,000 to 30,000 Expedited Naturalizations before Elections in New York City
  - 1870-1880 - Chinese Immigration to the United States Increases During the Gold Rush
  - July 14, 1870 - Naturalization Act of 1870 Extends Naturalization to Former Slaves
  - Mar. 1875 - Page Law Toughens Penalties for Transporting Asians to the United States
  - 1875-1880 - State Immigration Laws Become Unconstitutional; Congress Begins to Bring Immigration Under Direct Federal Control for the First Time
  - 1880 - Burlingame Treaty Is Revised; Chinese Immigration Is Suspended
  - 1880’s - First "Great Wave" of European Immigrants to the United States
  - 1880s - Anti-Chinese Riots Spread over the Northwestern States; Oregon’s Constitution Prevents Chinese from Owning Land
  - 1882 - Immigration Exclusion Act Prohibits Immigration of Criminals, Poor, and Mentally Ill
  - May 6, 1882 - Chinese Exclusion Act Passes and Immigration Exclusion Era Begins
  - 1885 - Alien Contract Labor Law Bans Immigration of Workers to Break Strikes
  - 1886 - Statue of Liberty Unveiled; "The Huddled Masses Yearning To Be Free" Invited to Immigrate
  - 1887 - Chinese Immigration Lowers Dramatically
  - 1891 - Congress Establishes the First Federal Administrative Agency for the Regulation of Immigration
  - Jan. 2, 1892 - Ellis Island Opens as Immigrant Entry Checkpoint
  - May 18, 1896 - U.S. Supreme Court Rules Due Legal Process Extends to Undocumented Immigrants
  - Mar. 28, 1898 - Supreme Court Confirms That 14th Amendment Gives Citizenship to All Persons Born in the United States
- 1900-1949
  - 1900 - Organic Act of 1900 Grants US Citizenship to Every Person Born in Hawaii before Its 1898 Annexation, Including People of Japanese and Chinese Ancestry
  - 1903 - Anarchist Exclusion Act Enacted; Exclusion of Immigrants Based on Political Ideology Begins
  - June 29, 1906 - Naturalization Act Creates Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
  - Mar. 2, 1907 - Expatriation Act Revokes Citizenship of American Women Who Marry Foreigners
  - 1907 - United States and Japan Sign the "Gentlemen’s Agreement" Allowing Japanese "Picture Brides" to Immigrate
  - Oct. 5, 1909 - The Melting Pot Play Opens on Broadway; Its Title Becomes a Metaphor for the United States
  - 1910 - Mexican Revolution Drives Thousands of Mexicans across the US-Mexican Border
  - 1910 - Angel Island Immigration Station Opens
  - 1911 - Dillingham Commission Report Recommends Limiting Admission of Immigrants Based on "Economic or Business Considerations"
  - 1913 - Bureaus of Immigration and Naturalization Created and Moved to the Department of Labor
  - 1914 - Eugenics Movement Influences Immigration Policy
  - 1915-1916 - US Congress Authorizes "Mounted Inspectors" Along the US-Mexico Border
  - 1917 - Immigration Act of 1917 Denies Entry to Immigrants from Eastern Asia and the Pacific Islands
  - 1920 - Estimated 17,300 Chinese Entered the United States Illegally since the Passage of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
  - May 1921 - First Quota Act Becomes Law and Limits the Number of Immigrants from Certain Countries
  - Nov. 13, 1922 - Ozawa v. US Supreme Court Decision Declares Japanese Ineligible for Citizenship
  - Feb. 19, 1923 - US Supreme Court Decides in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind That Asian Indians Do Not Qualify for Naturalization because They Are Not Considered "White"
  - May 26, 1924 - Johnson-Reed Immigration Act Reduces Quotas
  - May 28, 1924 - US Border Patrol Established with Labor Appropriation Act of 1924
  - June 2, 1924 - Indian Citizenship Act Grants Citizenship to All Native Americans Born in the United States
  - June 1927 - US Labor Secretary Estimates That over 1,000,000 Mexicans Are in United States Illegally
  - 1929-1936 - Mexican “Repatriation Act” Forces Immigrants in the United States Back to Mexico
  - June 29, 1940 - Alien Registration Act Seeks to Undermine Left-Wing Political Groups by Registering 4,741,971 Immigrants
  - Oct. 14, 1940 - Nationality Act Unifies Nationality and Naturalization Laws
  - Feb. 19, 1942 - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt Signs Executive Order 9066 Sending Tens of Thousands of Japanese Americans (Among Others) to Internment Camps
  - 1942-1945 - US Government Sends almost 900 Native Alaskans to Internment Camps
  - 1943-1944 - US Supreme Court Justifies Executive Order 9066 in Hirabayashi v. The United States and Korematsu v. The United States
  - 1943 - Bracero Program Brings 5,000,000 Mexican Temporary Laborers to Work in US Farms and Railroads in a 22-Year Period
  - Dec. 17, 1943 - Magnuson Immigration Act of 1943 Allows Chinese to Become US Citizens
  - 1945 - War Brides and Fiancées Acts Allow an Estimated 1,000,000 American Soldiers to Bring Their Foreign Spouses to America
  - Aug. 9, 1946 - Asian Exclusion Repeal Act Gives Naturalization Rights to Filipinos and Indians
  - 1948 - Displaced Persons Act Allows People Uprooted by World War II to Immigrate to United States
- 1950-1999
  - 1952 - McCarran-Walter Immigration Act Organizes All Immigration Statutes into One Body of Law
  - Nov. 1954 - Ellis Island Closes
  - 1964 - Bracero Program Ends; Undocumented Laborers Continue to Arrive from Mexico
  - 1965 - Hart-Celler Immigration and Nationality Act Abolishes Immigration Criteria Based on Nation of Origin and Race
  - Oct. 24, 1968 - Armed Forces Naturalization Act Allows Veterans Who Served Active-Duty to Become Naturalized Citizens
  - May 23, 1975 - Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act Admits Displaced Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Laotians
  - 1976 - President Gerald Ford Repeals Executive Order 9066 Proclaiming WWII Japanese Relocation a "National Mistake"
  - 1980 - Census Estimates 2 to 4 Million Immigrants in the United States Illegally with about Half from Mexico
  - 1980 - Cuba Allows 125,000 Cubans to Illegally Depart for the United States
  - 1980 - Refugee Act of 1980 Allows Persecuted Individuals to Seek Asylum in United States
  - June 15, 1982 - Plyler v. Doe Overturns Texas Law Disallowing State Funds for Non-Citizens
  - Oct. 22, 1982 - Amerasian Immigration Act Gives Preferential Immigration Status to Children Fathered by American Troops in Southeast Asia
  - 1986 - Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) Grants Legal Status to Qualifying Immigrants Who Entered the US Illegally before Jan. 1, 1982
  - Dec. 1987 - Amerasian Homecoming Act Allows Children Fathered by American Troops in Vietnam to Immigrate to the United States
  - Nov. 29, 1990 - Immigration Act of 1990 Increases Limit on Legal Immigration and Revises Grounds for Exclusion and Deportation
  - Oct. 1, 1991 - Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act Gives Special Immigration Status to Foreign Veterans Who Served in the US Armed Forces
  - 1994 - First Detailed National Count of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Estimates 3.4 Million Immigrants in United States Illegally
  - Nov. 8, 1994 - California’s Proposition 187 Is Approved by Voters (and Later Rejected by US District Court)
  - Apr. 24, 1996 - Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Tightens Immigration to Protect against Terrorism
  - Aug. 22, 1996 - Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act Denies Most Forms of Public Assistance to Most Legal Immigrants
  - Sep. 30, 1996 - Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act Allows Some 300,000 Central Americans to Become Legal Residents
- 2000-present
  - Feb. 16, 2000 - AFL-CIO Labor Union Supports Amnesty for Immigrants in the United States Illegally
  - Nov. 9, 2000 - Bring Them Home Alive Act Grants Refugee Status to Foreigners Who Return Living Vietnam or Korean War POWs or MIAs
  - Dec. 21, 2000 - Section 245(i) of the Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act Grants Legalization to Qualifying Immigrants in the US Illegally
  - Sept. 11, 2001 - Terrorist Attacks Prompt US Department of Defense to Expand Military Support along the Borders
  - May 14, 2002 - Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act Updates Immigration Databases and Travel Document Requirements
  - Oct. 1, 2004 - "Minuteman Project" Begins Recruiting Civilians to Patrol the US-Mexico Border
  - May 11, 2005 - REAL ID Act Expands Laws for Asylum and Deportation of Foreigners for Terrorist Activity
  - Nov. 2, 2005 - President Bush’s Secure Border Initiative Announced
  - Oct. 26, 2006 - Secure Fence Act Authorizes Fencing along the US-Mexican Border
  - Jan. 2007 - US Department of Homeland Security Estimates 11.8 Million Unauthorized Immigrants in US with 59% from Mexico
  - Jan. 2008 - Estimated Number of Unauthorized Immigrants Decreases to 11.6 Million
  - Apr. 23, 2010 - Controversial Arizona Bill (SB 1070) Signed into Law, Expanding the State’s Authority to Combat Illegal Immigration
  - July 28, 2010 - Judge Blocks Key Parts of Arizona’s Anti-Illegal Immigration Law
  - Sept. 1, 2010 - Inflow of Unauthorized Immigrants in 2007-2009 Decreased by Two-Thirds from 2000-2005
  - Jan. 14, 2011 - Secure Border Initiative Canceled
  - May 26, 2011 - US Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Law Penalizing Businesses That Hire Undocumented Immigrants
  - June 15, 2012 - President Obama Signs Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) to Allow Some Undocumented Immigrants Who Came to the United States as Children to Stay in the Country
  - June 25, 2012 - US Supreme Court Upholds Centerpiece of 2010 Arizona Immigration Law, Rejects Other Provisions
  - Mar. 7, 2013 - Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act Adds Immigrants to Protected Classes
  - Nov. 20, 2014 - President Obama Announced Executive Action to Prevent Deportation of Millions of Immigrants in the United States Illegally
  - June 23, 2016 - Supreme Court Deadlocked in 4-4 Vote on Challenge to Obama’s Immigration Executive Actions
  - Jan. 25, 2017 - President Trump Signs Executive Orders to Increase Border Patrol Forces and Begin Plans to Build Border Wall
  - Jan. - Mar. 2017 - President Trump Signs Two Immigration Executive Orders Suspending Entry of People from Several Predominantly Muslim Countries and all Refugees
  - July 24, 2017 - Massachusetts Court Rules Law Enforcement Officials Cannot Comply with ICE Detainers
  - Sep. 5, 2017 - Trump Administration Announces End to Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program
  - Sep. 25, 2017 - Trump Administration Announces New Travel Restrictions
  - Oct. 5, 2017 - California Becomes Sanctuary State
  - Feb. 27, 2018 - US Supreme Court Rules Undocumented Immigrants Can Be Detained Indefinitely
  - June 26, 2018 - US Supreme Court Upholds Trump Travel Ban and Overturns 1944 Justification of Detention Camps
  - June 7, 2019 - United States and Mexico Sign Joint Deal on Immigration
  - June 21, 2019 - SCOTUS Rules Undocumented Immigrants Charged with Possessing Firearms Must Know Their Unlawful Immigration Status to Be Convicted
  - July 9, 2019 - California Becomes First State to Extend Medicaid to Undocumented Immigrant Young Adults
  - Dec. 12, 2019 - American Samoans Ruled US Citizens by Birth
  - Mar. 2020 - US Immigration Policy Adjusted in Response to COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Pandemic
  - Apr. 22, 2020 - No COVID-19 Student Federal Aid or Stimulus Checks for Undocumented Immigrants and Spouses
  - Apr. 22, 2020 - Trump Halts Immigration during COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Pandemic
  - May 7, 2020 - Illegal Border Crossings from Canada to US Increased 184% from 2016 to 2019
  - June 15, 2020 - Supreme Court Declines to Hear Sanctuary Policy Case
  - June 18, 2020 - Supreme Court Blocks Effort to End DACA
  - Aug. 3, 2020 - Some Immigrations Fees to Increase
  - Nov. 3, 2020 - Colorado and Florida Vote to Amend Constitutions to Include Citizenship Requirement for Voting
  - Dec. 1, 2020 - Trump Administration Updates Citizenship Test
  - Dec. 4, 2020 - Federal Judge Orders DACA Restoration
  - Jan. 20, 2021 - Biden Pauses Most Deportations for 100 Days
  - Jan. 20, 2021 - Biden Revokes Travel Bans from Primarily Muslim and African Countries
  - Jan. 20, 2021 - Biden Orders Census to Count All Residents, Including Undocumented Immigrants
  - Jan. 20, 2021 - Biden Ends Declaration of Emergency at US Southern Border and Halts Border Wall Construction
  - Jan. 20, 2021 - Biden Extends DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) Protections
  - Jan. 26, 2021 - Biden Justice Department Ends Zero Tolerance Policy
  - July 16, 2021 - Federal Judge Rules DACA Illegal
  - Aug. 2, 2021 - Biden Administration Will Maintain Trump Policy of Turning away Migrants during Pandemic
  - Oct. 2021 - Highest Number of Illegal Border Crossings Recorded since 1960s
  - Mar. 11, 2022 - Immigration Arrests Drop under Biden Administration
  - June 30, 2022 - US Supreme Court Rules Biden Administration May End Trump-Era "Stay in Mexico" Policy
  - Oct. 24, 2022 - Record Number of Migrant Apprehensions at US Southern Border
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ProCon's editors write and verify new content and update existing content. ProCon presents the pro and con arguments to debatable issues in a straightforward, nonpartisan, freely accessible way.

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Article History

Type	Description	Contributor	Date
	Question edited for space	The Editors of ProCon	Jan 06, 2025
	Links added, text clarified.	The Editors of ProCon	Jan 05, 2025
	Add new Web site: National Archives - History of the Certificate of Citizenship, 17901956.	Grace Young	Dec 21, 2024
	New article added.	The Editors of ProCon	Nov 08, 2024