Roman Catholicism

Table of Contents

Introduction & Top Questions
History of Roman Catholicism
- The emergence of Catholic Christianity
- The emergence of Roman Catholicism
  - Internal factors
  - External factors
  - The early medieval papacy
- The church of the early Middle Ages
  - The concept of Christendom
  - A period of decadence
  - Popular Christianity c. 1000
- The church of the High Middle Ages
  - Gregorian Reform
  - The reign of Gregory VII
  - The Investiture Controversy: Gregory VII to Calixtus II
  - The Crusades
  - The papacy at its height: the 12th and 13th centuries
  - The renaissance of the 12th century
  - The apostolic life
  - Religious orders: canons and monks
  - The mendicant orders
  - The rise of heresy
  - Religious life in the 13th century
  - The golden age of Scholasticism
  - The persecuting society
- From the late Middle Ages to the Reformation
  - The “Babylonian Captivity”
  - Late medieval reform: the Great Schism and conciliarism
  - Jan Hus
  - Efforts to heal the East-West Schism
  - Roman Catholicism on the eve of the Reformation
    - The decline of Scholastic theology
    - Expressions of spirituality and folk piety
    - Roman Catholicism and Renaissance humanism
    - Roman Catholicism and the emergence of national consciousness
The age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation
- Roman Catholicism and the Protestant Reformation
- The Roman Catholic Reformation
  - The Council of Trent
  - New religious orders
- The Counter-Reformation
- Post-Reformation conditions
- Developments in France
  - The Gallican problem
  - Jansenism
  - Quietism
- Controversies involving the Jesuits
  - The Chinese rites controversy
  - Suppression of the Jesuits
- Religious life in the 17th and 18th centuries
- The church in the modern period
  - Catholicism in Revolutionary France
  - Napoleon I and the restoration
  - Pius IX
  - Leo XIII
  - The period of the World Wars
  - The Second Vatican Council
  - Aftermath of the council
- Roman Catholicism outside Europe
  - The New World: Spanish and Portuguese empires
    - Colonial period
    - After independence
    - Spanish and French missions in North America
  - Roman Catholicism in the United States and Canada
    - United States
    - Canada
  - Roman Catholicism in Africa and Asia
    - Missions in Africa
    - Missions in Asia
Structure of the church
- Doctrinal basis
  - The nature of the church
  - Apostolic succession
- The papacy
  - The papal office
  - Ancient and medieval views of papal authority
  - Early-modern and modern views of papal authority
  - Historical conceptions of the relationship of the papacy to the world
  - Contemporary teaching on papal authority
- The offices of the clergy
  - The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals
  - The college of bishops
  - Ecumenical councils
  - The priesthood
- Religious communities
  - Hermits and monks
  - Mendicant friars and clerks regular
  - Nuns and brothers
- The laity
- Canon law
Beliefs and practices
- Faith
  - Concepts of faith
  - Preambles and motivation of faith
  - Heresy
- Revelation
  - The concept of revelation
  - The content of revelation
- Tradition and Scripture
- The magisterium
  - The concept of teaching authority
  - Organs of teaching authority
  - Object and response
- Major dogmas and doctrines
- Sacraments
  - General characteristics
  - Baptism
  - Confirmation
  - The Eucharist
  - Reconciliation
  - Anointing of the sick
  - Marriage
  - Holy orders
- Liturgy
  - The mass
  - The divine office
  - The liturgical year
- Paraliturgical devotions
  - Eucharistic devotions
  - Cult of the saints
  - Mysticism
- The order of the mass
  - The introductory rites
  - The liturgy of the Word
  - The liturgy of the Eucharist
  - The communion rite
  - The concluding rite
- The role of the church in society
  - Missions
  - Education
  - Charitable activities
  - Church and state relations
  - Economic views and practice
  - The family
The church since Vatican II

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Roman Catholicism summary

Roman Catholicism

Q: What is the difference between Christianity and Roman Catholicism?

Christianity is an important world religion that stems from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus . Roman Catholicism is the largest of the three major branches of Christianity. Thus, all Roman Catholics are Christian, but not all Christians are Roman Catholic. Of the estimated 2.3 billion Christians in the world, about 1.3 billion of them are Roman Catholics. Broadly, Roman Catholicism differs from other Christian churches and denominations in its beliefs about the sacraments , the roles of the Bible and tradition, the importance of the Virgin Mary and the saints , and the papacy .

Q: Who founded Roman Catholicism?

As a branch of Christianity , Roman Catholicism can be traced to the life and teachings of Jesus Christ in Roman-occupied Jewish Palestine about 30 CE. According to Roman Catholic teaching, each of the sacraments was instituted by Christ himself. Roman Catholicism also holds that Jesus established his disciple St. Peter as the first pope of the nascent church (Matthew 16:18). Centuries of tradition, theological debates, and the wiles of history have shaped Roman Catholicism into what it is today.

Q: What are the Roman Catholic sacraments?

In Roman Catholicism and certain other Christian churches, the sacraments are a key and essential part of the faith. In Roman Catholic teaching, the sacraments serve to perpetuate the union of God and humankind. They are “the visible form of an invisible grace,” as St. Augustine famously described them. Roman Catholicism celebrates seven sacraments: baptism , the Eucharist , confirmation , reconciliation ( confession ), marriage , anointing of the sick, and holy orders . Some, such as baptism, confirmation, marriage, and ordination, are generally only to be received once in a Roman Catholic’s life. For others, such as the Eucharist and reconciliation, frequent participation is encouraged.

Q: Why is Roman Catholicism so prominent in Latin America?

Roman Catholicism is the major religion of nearly every country in Latin America . This can be attributed in large part to the lingering effects of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the region and the Roman Catholic missions that accompanied those endeavours. Often, the missions served as convenient tools for the suppression of indigenous peoples , forcing “civility” in the form of the Spanish or Portuguese language, Western dress, and a Europeanized agricultural lifestyle. However, sometimes Roman Catholic mission work stood opposed to the colonizing forces and protected native peoples from enslavement and helped them achieve a certain level of economic autonomy (which was a major factor in the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Americas in 1767). Although the countries of Latin America eventually gained independence from Spain and Portugal , the religious legacy of colonialism has persisted.

Also known as: Roman Catholic Church

Written by Martin E. Marty, Francis Christopher Oakley•All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2025 • Article History

Key People:: Charlemagne; St. Gregory the Great; Saint John XXIII; St. Francis of Assisi; Henry IV

Related Topics:: Catholic imagination; Eastern rite church; Old Catholic church; Peace of God; Immaculate Conception

See all related content

What is the difference between Christianity and Roman Catholicism?

Who founded Roman Catholicism?

What are the Roman Catholic sacraments?

Why is Roman Catholicism so prominent in Latin America?

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Roman Catholicism, Christian religion that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization. Along with Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism, it is one of the three major branches of Christianity. It is led by the pope, as the bishop of Rome, and the Holy See forms the church’s central government, making decisions on issues of faith and morality for the some 1.3 billion Catholics throughout the world; the Holy See is assisted by the Roman Curia, a group of dicasteries (also known as departments), congregations, and councils with specific functions and responsibilities relating to church matters such ...(100 of 56687 words)

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